Adenomyosis occurs when a tissue that resembles the uterine lining (endometrium) begins growing into the muscle wall (myometrium). As a result, the uterus enlarges and becomes thick, at times increasing to double or even triple its normal size. This condition can lead to prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding with clots, painful periods, and abdominal or pelvic pain.
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Both adenomyosis and endometriosis occur when a type of tissue lining the uterus grows elsewhere. The key difference is in where this tissue develops. With adenomyosis, it forms within the uterine muscle wall, while endometriosis occurs outside the uterus in areas such as the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
These two disorders are associated with extreme pain, but adenomyosis is likely to lead to heavy menstrual bleeding.
Nearly 1 out of 3 individuals with adenomyosis are asymptomatic. However, those with symptoms may experience the following:
Medical professionals are still uncertain of the causes of adenomyosis and why certain individuals develop it. Nonetheless, some studies show that genetics, hormones and trauma or inflammation may play a role in its occurrence.
Adenomyosis is more common among women and those assigned female at birth (AFAB) who:
In addition, adenomyosis is commonly diagnosed in persons during their 30s who experience painful periods or abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Adenomyosis symptoms usually worsen with time. Heavy menstrual bleeding associated with the condition can increase the possibility of developing anemia, which happens when the body lacks sufficient iron-rich red blood cells. Also, anemia might lead to symptoms such as fatigue or feeling cold.
Besides the symptoms, adenomyosis can also be diagnosed using one or more of the following tests:
To rule out severe conditions, your provider may recommend a biopsy. In this procedure, tissue is collected and tested for signs of any serious disorder.
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Since the hormone estrogen supports the growth of endometrial tissue, symptoms of adenomyosis often disappear after menopause. Meanwhile, the following treatment options can help alleviate pain, heavy bleeding, as well as other related symptoms:
If left untreated, adenomyosis can result in infertility or miscarriage since the embryo may be unable to implant properly into the uterine lining. Additionally, it can cause chronic abdominal and pelvic pain.
Can adenomyosis be prevented?
Since the exact cause of adenomyosis is unclear, doctors currently do not know of any specific ways of preventing the condition.
What should I expect if I have adenomyosis?
Most individuals experiencing disruptive symptoms caused by adenomyosis often find relief with treatment. While the symptoms will resolve after menopause, your uterus may remain enlarged.
How does adenomyosis affect pregnancy?
Adenomyosis often occurs in women who have given birth once. Nonetheless, it can make it hard to get pregnant for the first time or conceive a second child. If you manage to get pregnant, the condition increases the risk of miscarriage and premature labor.
When should I contact my doctor?
It is important to contact your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms:
Questions to ask your healthcare provider
Consider asking your healthcare provider these questions about adenomyosis:
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