Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs usually found in or on the surface of an ovary. Every female has two ovaries, which are located on either side of the uterus, and each one is almost the shape and size of an almond. Usually, eggs mature and are released from the ovaries in the monthly menstrual cycles during a woman’s reproductive years.
Ovarian cysts are highly prevalent and, in most cases, harmless with little to no discomfort. They also usually disappear after a few months without the need for any treatment.
However, ovarian cysts may sometimes twist or rupture (burst open), causing significant symptoms. Learning about the symptoms indicating a serious issue and going for regular pelvic exams is thus important.
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The majority of ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and disappear on their own. However, large ovarian cysts may lead to the following symptoms:
It’s advisable to seek immediate medical assistance if you experience sudden intense pelvic or abdominal pain, pain accompanied by vomiting or fever, and shock signs, including rapid breathing, cold, clammy skin, and weakness or lightheadedness.
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Many ovarian cysts develop due to the menstrual cycle and are known as functional cysts. There are also other less common forms of cysts.
Every month, ovaries develop into tiny cysts known as follicles that produce estrogen and progesterone hormones. Eventually, they burst open and release an egg during ovulation.
A functional cyst is, therefore, a follicle that continues to grow every month. It comprises two types, including:
Generally, functional cysts are harmless and don’t cause any pain. They often go away on their own after two or three menstrual cycles.
The other forms of ovarian cysts aren’t usually associated with menstrual cycles. They include:
This is also referred to as teratoma and develops in the reproductive cells, making the eggs in the ovaries (germ cells). Dermoid cysts are rarely cancerous and may contain tissue like skin, teeth, or hair.
Forms from the cells of the ovary’s surface and may be filled with mucous or watery fluid. This type of cyst can become too large.
Cells that resemble those lining the inner uterus can develop outside in the endometriosis. Some tissues may stick to the ovary, forming a cyst known as endometrioma.
Sometimes, dermoid cysts and cystadenomas may enlarge and shift the ovary from its position. As a result, it increases the possibility of painful twisting, known as ovarian torsion, which may lower or stop the movement of blood towards the ovary.
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing ovarian cysts include:
Though rare, complications associated with ovarian cysts can sometimes arise. They may include:
Even though many ovarian cysts can’t be prevented, regular pelvic examinations can help detect any changes in the ovaries early. Be cautious of any difference in your monthly period and take note of unusual symptoms, particularly those that persist for a few menstrual cycles. It’s also important to discuss with your doctor about changes that are concerning.
Ovarian cysts are normally detected during a pelvic examination or through imaging tests like pelvic ultrasound. Based on the cyst’s size and if it’s solid or fluid-filled, your healthcare provider may recommend diagnostic tests to evaluate the type and if treatment is required.
Tests that may be done include:
Uncommon forms of ovarian cysts may sometimes occur and may be discovered during a pelvic examination. Solid cysts forming after menopause could be malignant or cancerous. As such, it’s essential to undergo regular pelvic exams.
Treatment for ovarian cysts often varies based on factors such as age, type, size, and symptoms. Common options include:
Doctors mostly recommend waiting and undergoing re-examination to check if the cysts disappear after some months. Irrespective of age, watchful waiting is usually an option if you are asymptomatic and pelvic ultrasound shows the presence of a tiny fluid-filled cyst. Follow-up ultrasounds may be required to see if there are changes in the cyst size.
Hormonal contraceptives, like birth control pills, can prevent ovulation and reduce the likelihood of developing new ovarian cysts. However, they do not shrink cysts that are already present.
If the cyst is large, isn’t a functional cyst, continues to grow, or causes discomfort, surgery may be recommended to remove it. Certain ovarian cysts can be taken out without the removal of an ovary (cystectomy), while others may require removing the affected ovary (oophorectomy).
Surgical removal of the ovarian cysts can be performed via a minimally invasive procedure called laparoscopy. This involves inserting instruments through small incisions in the abdomen. However, if cancer is suspected or the cysts are bigger, an open surgery with a larger incision may be required.
In some cases, ovarian cysts that form after menopause may be cancerous, and you may have to consult a gynecologic cancer expert. The treatment options may include surgery to take out the cervix, uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes and possibly radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
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