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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) BOOK AN APPOINMENT 020 3475 8419

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more intense kind of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This medical condition leads to extreme irritability, anxiety or depression in the one to two weeks before menstruation begins. Usually, these symptoms subside a few days (2-3) after the period starts. Treatment options, such as medication, may be necessary to manage PMDD symptoms.

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Causes of PMDD

The actual reason for PMDD remains uncertain. However, it may be because of an unusual response to the hormonal changes that occur with every menstrual cycle, which can lead to a deficiency in serotonin. Serotonin is a natural substance present in the brain and intestines that constricts blood vessels. It also influences mood and can result in physical symptoms.

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Who is at Risk of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

While anyone can experience PMDD, some individuals may be at higher risk, such as those with:

  • A family history of PMS or PMDD
  • A family or medical history of depression, postpartum depression, or other mood conditions

Other potential risk factors are lower education levels and smoking. It’s thus important to consult a healthcare provider for additional information on risk factors.

Who is Likely to Develop PMDD?

Generally, the majority of women often experience premenstrual symptoms during the two-week phase. About 20 to 30% develop significant PMS symptoms, with PMDD affecting an estimated 5-8% of women who are menstruating.

Symptoms of PMDD

PMDD symptoms typically begin a week before menstruation and resolve in a few days once menstruation starts. The symptoms usually interfere with a person’s daily activities and can be so intense that some find it difficult to function properly at work, home and even in a relationship.

Common PMDD symptoms include:

  • Depressed mood, hopelessness, sadness, or low self-worth
  • Too much tension, anxiety, or feeling constantly on edge
  • Mood swings
  • Self-criticism and high sensitivity to rejection
  • Frequent or abrupt crying
  • Increased anger, irritability or both
  • Conflict with friends, family members or co-workers
  • Reduced interest in usual activities
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Exhaustion or low-energy
  • Appetite changes, such as overeating, binge eating or cravings particular foods
  • Sleep pattern changes, including excessive sleep or trouble sleeping
  • Feeling out of control or overwhelmed
  • Physical symptoms like breast tenderness or swelling, headaches, muscle or joint pain, increased weight, and bloating

Since PMDD symptoms can resemble those of other health issues, like thyroid disorders, anxiety or depression, seeking a diagnosis from a healthcare provider is essential.

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PMDD Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PMDD involves reviewing medical history, performing a physical and pelvic examination, and conducting other diagnostic tests. Since this condition may be associated with mental health symptoms, the doctor may recommend an evaluation of mental health issues. You may also be required to keep a diary or journal of the symptoms you have experienced for a few months. Generally, these criteria ought to be met in order to diagnose PMDD:

  • Have at least five or more PMDD symptoms for over one year. These symptoms should start within the week before menstruation and stop a few days after the period begins.
  • Symptoms should cause significant distress or interfere with social, work, or other functions.
  • Symptoms unrelated to or worsened by other health conditions.

PMDD Treatment Options

Being a chronic severe disorder, PMDD generally requires treatment. The following options may help alleviate or minimize the intensity of PMDD symptoms:

  • Dietary adjustments to increase carbohydrates and protein while reducing salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol intake
  • Regular physical activity
  • Stress management techniques, including relaxation and meditation
  • Vitamin supplements like vitamin B6, magnesium, calcium
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Birth control pills
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

In some cases, symptoms may worsen with time and persist until menopause. As a result, one may require long-term treatment and adjustments in medication dosages over the course.