Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common health condition affecting about 1 out of 10 women during their reproductive age. This disorder is associated with a hormonal imbalance and metabolic issues that can impact a woman’s well-being and overall appearance. In addition, PCOS is one of the most prevalent and treatable infertility causes.
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PCOS refers to a hormonal imbalance, which arises when the ovaries (organs responsible for producing and releasing eggs) produce excess androgens. The ovaries of women with PCOS generate abnormally high hormone levels known as androgens, hence causing imbalanced reproductive hormones.
Missed periods, irregular menstrual cycles, and unpredictable ovulation are usually common in persons with PCOS. Sometimes, fluid-filled sacs containing immature eggs (follicle cysts) might be seen on the ovaries during an ultrasound because of anovulation (lack of ovulation).
Nevertheless, despite the term “polycystic,” PCOS is not always associated with ovarian cysts. These cysts are neither painful nor harmful.
In general, PCOS is among the leading reasons for infertility in women and individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB). The condition also raises the risk of various health issues. Fortunately, healthcare providers can address PCOS depending on individual symptoms and future pregnancy plans.
PCOS can develop in women and those AFAB at any point after puberty. It’s most commonly diagnosed in females during their 20s or 30s, often when they’re attempting to conceive. Factors such as obesity or a family history of PCOS can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
PCOS is widespread, affecting up to 15% of women and individuals AFAB of childbearing age.
Symptoms of PCOS may begin to appear near the time of the first menstrual period. Others may only become aware of PCOS after weight gain or trouble conceiving. Common symptoms include:
The actual cause of polycystic ovary syndrome remains unclear. However, genetics and other contributing factors, particularly obesity, are thought to play a role:
Higher-than-normal levels of androgens (male hormones) in women can prevent the release of eggs from the ovaries, leading to irregular menstrual cycles. In addition, irregular ovulation can trigger small, fluid-filled sacs to form on the ovaries. Increased androgen can also contribute to symptoms like acne and excessive growth of hair in women and persons AFAB.
Increased insulin levels trigger the ovaries to produce androgens, which can interfere with ovulation and cause other PCOS symptoms. Insulin assists the body in processing glucose (sugar) into energy. However, insulin resistance alters the precise process, causing higher blood glucose levels. While not all people with insulin resistance have diabetes or high glucose, insulin resistance raises the risk. Overweight or obesity may also play a role in insulin resistance. Generally, an elevated level of insulin could signify insulin resistance even with normal blood glucose.
Chronic low-grade inflammation is common in persons with PCOS. Blood tests to check C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell levels can be recommended to help assess inflammation.
PCOS diagnosis mostly involves a medical examination and review of the symptoms. Blood tests or ultrasounds may also be recommended.
In general, the healthcare provider may:
PCOS diagnosis is usually confirmed if at least two of the following symptoms are present:
Treatment for PCOS often depends on symptoms, health history, pregnancy goals, and other medical problems. Options may include drugs, lifestyle changes, or both.
For women who have no future pregnancy plans, the treatment involves:
If you plan to have children now or even in the future, the recommended PCOS treatment include:
While there’s no certain way of preventing PCOS, certain lifestyle adjustments can help ease symptoms. Eating a nutritional diet, maintaining a healthy weight and regularly exercising may help you prevent the effects associated with the condition.
Studies indicate that PCOS is likely to increase the risk of other health problems, such as:
Discuss with your healthcare provider to fully understand your risk of getting these conditions.
Coping with PCOS often involves maintaining a healthy weight, eating nutritious meals, and frequently exercising. These lifestyle changes can influence hormone levels, which may help regulate your menstrual cycle and alleviate symptoms.
If symptoms like acne or excess hair growth are affecting your confidence, cosmetic treatments or consulting a dermatologist may be beneficial. Additionally, if you’re attempting to get pregnant with PCOS, remember that you are not the only one, and your doctor will guide and give you support to help you achieve your goals.
Consider visiting your provider if you think you have PCOS. Common signs pointing to PCOS are:
Although the exact cause of PCOS is still being studied, some evidence suggests it may have a genetic component. Because of this, having a biological parent with PCOS may increase your risk of developing it.
PCOS involves a hormonal imbalance that interferes with ovulation, menstrual cycle, and even conception. The hormones resemble a complex web, and the reproductive system’s function depends heavily on its balance. These are the hormones associated with PCOS:
PCOS and endometriosis are distinct conditions, though both can lead to ovarian cysts and fertility issues. Endometriosis occurs when the endometrium (uterine lining) develops in other areas, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes or vagina. This usually results in intense menstrual cramps and pelvic pain. On the other hand, PCOS causes irregular menstrual periods, unpredictable ovulation, and physical side effects because of excess male hormones.
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